Armenia remained dominated by the Arabs thereafter, and was ruled by a succession of Caliphate-appointed emirs as well as local princes. This was only the beginning of their ordeal. He left more than 90 inscriptions by using the Mesopotamian cuneiform writing system in the Urartian language. Protests were held in Armenia over this and hundreds stormed the Parliament building in Yerevan. Levon Ter-Petrosyan was popularly elected the first President of the newly independent Republic of Armenia on 16 October 1991 and re-elected on 22 September 1996. Some scholars compare this with the list of military territories under the duces, in charge of border garrisons on so-called limites, and the higher ranking Comites rei militaris, with more mobile forces, and the later, even higher magistri militum.[22]. The Sebasteion from Aphrodisias in southern Asia Minor represents an ideal case for this question. .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}. Of the 300,000 deported it is calculated that less than half survived the march to Isfahan. kingdom of the crystal skull tv tropes. [124], Final results from the election, which was held on 19 February 2008, officially showed Sargsyan winning about 53% of the vote, and Ter-Petrosyan in second place with 21.5% of the vote. Meanwhile Armenia reached the Mediterranean Sea in the southwest, the Black Sea to its North and West and the Caspian Sea to the east, effectively creating an enormous allied Pontic kingdom in the region. The continuous upheavals, which characterized the political scenes of Armenia in the next centuries, made the political power move to safer places often related to the Eastern Roman Empire. Books Armenia Roman Province (5,351 ). Province. Ararat's capital is Artashat. In 1071, after the defeat of the Byzantine forces by the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Manzikert, the Turks captured the rest of Greater Armenia and much of Anatolia. In 163, a Roman counter-attack under Statius Priscus defeated the Parthians in Armenia and reinstalled Sohaemus as the Romans' favored candidate on the Armenian throne. Nonetheless, there were still parts of Armenia held within the Empire, containing many Armenians. The Armenians later fell under Byzantine, Sassanid Persian, and Islamic hegemony, but reinstated their independence with the Bagratid Dynasty kingdom of Armenia. After Alexander's death shortly after the conquest, Armenia fell under the sway of Alexander's general, Seleucus I and the Seleucid Dynasty of Syria that followed. [5] Erebuni has been described as "designed as a great administrative and religious centre, a fully royal capital. [70], Although the native Bagratuni dynasty was founded under favourable circumstances, the feudal system gradually weakened the country by eroding loyalty to the central government. To counter the Parthian threat, Verus set out for the east. By 330 BC, Alexander the Great conquered the region and brought it within the fold of 'western' civilization, though it would continue to play a role as a 'buffer' through to the modern day. Provincial villages gradually became towns and towns gradually became cities. In 113, Trajan invaded the Parthian Empire because he wanted to reinstate a vassal king in Armenia (a few years before fallen under Parthian control). [138] In May 2018, parliament elected opposition leader Nikol Pashinyan as the new prime minister. There are however debates about the source of some data recorded in the Notitia, and it seems clear that some of its own sources are earlier than others. In 118, Hadrian gave Armenia up, and installed Parthamaspates as its king. [1] Some scholars use the reorganization of the empire into themata in this period as one of the demarcations between the Dominate and the Byzantine (or the Later Roman) period. Below you can see the map of the provinces of Armenia. During the final stages of World War I, the Armenians and Georgians had been defending against the advance of the Ottoman Empire. Just a few years later in 161, Armenia was lost again to Vologases IV of Parthia. The history of Armenia covers the topics related to the history of the Republic of Armenia, as well as the Armenian people, the Armenian language, and the regions historically and geographically considered Armenian.. Armenia is located in the highlands surrounding the Biblical mountains of Ararat.The original Armenian name for the country was Hayk, later Hayastan (Armenian: . Only in 114 was Emperor Trajan able to conquer and incorporate it as a short-lived Roman province. However, the country was briefly occupied by the Roman emperor Trajan between 114 and 117 CE. In September 1917, the convention in Tiflis elected the Armenian National Council, the first sovereign political body of Armenians since the collapse of Lesser Armenia in 1375. This conflict ended after the Battle of Rhandeia, in an effective stalemate and a formal compromise: a Parthian prince of the Arsacid line would henceforth sit on the Armenian throne, but his nomination had to be approved by the Roman emperor. [citation needed][100]. Located in the eastern Alps between Raetia and Pannonia, its ideal location south of the Danube and rich deposits of iron ore and gold made Noricum a valuable asset to the coffers of the Roman Empire. The territory of a people who were defeated in war might be brought under various forms of treaty, in some cases entailing complete subjection (deditio). According to other accounts he was crucified upside down (head downward) like St. Peter. So when Thoros was assassinated, Baldwin was made ruler of the new crusader County of Edessa. Each of the aforementioned nations and tribes participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people. According to Strabo, around this time everyone in Armenia spoke "the same language. . The Church center moved as well to different locations together with the political authority, ending in Byzantine Cilicia in the 13th century[15], Ancient episcopal sees of the Roman province of Armenia III listed in the Annuario Pontificio as titular sees:[16]. Trajan then deposed the Armenian king Parthamasiris and ordered the annexation of Armenia to the Roman Empire as a new province. By nightfall, a few thousand protesters had barricaded themselves using commandeered municipal buses. The surface area is 2,090 square kilometers. However, despite Rome's political problems, the campaigns of Lucius Cornelius Sulla pushed Mithridates back into Pontus which obviously rippled down to Armenia. Mehmed and his successors used the religious systems of their subject nationalities as a method of population control, and so Ottoman Sultans invited an Armenian archbishop to establish the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople. The First Nagorno-Karabakh War pitted Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh, backed by Armenia, against the Army of Azerbaijan. [citation needed], On 20 September 1920, Turkish nationalist militants invaded the region of Sarikamish. [citation needed], The Armenian Highland shows traces of settlement from the Neolithic era. Pharnaces thus abandoned all of his gains in the west. [9] The local Armenian nakharar were fully sovereign in their territories, and were merely required to provide soldiers upon request and to dispatch a golden crown to the emperor, as a token of submission. With the eastwards expansion of the Roman Republic during the Mithridatic Wars, the Kingdom of Armenia, under the Artaxiad dynasty, was made a Roman protectorate by Pompey in 6665 BC. The Medes under Cyaxares invaded Assyria later on in 612 BC, and then took over the Urartian capital of Van towards 585 BC, effectively ending the sovereignty of Urartu. Director Levon Mkrtchyan 2002, Minasyan, Sergey: "Armenias Attitude Towards its Past: History and Politics" in the, Ter-Gabrielyan, Gevorg: "The Archeology of Future Literature: Digging out Prose from Independent Armenias History" in the, This page was last edited on 1 November 2022, at 23:47. Sicily (Sicilia) 436 CE (Vandals) 225 BCE. [1] In early Republican times, the term was used as a common designation for any task or set of responsibilities assigned by the Roman Senate to an individual who held imperium (right of command), which was often a military command within a specified theatre of operations. Armies sent in pursuit of the Shah in 1605 were defeated, and by 1606 Abbas had regained all of the territory lost to the Turks earlier in his reign. Its harsh environment also provided excellent natural resources such as grapes, tobacco and native fruits. Not only was this indicative of Christianity great success in the east, but actually predates the possible 'conversion' of Constantine the Great. From 95 to 55 BC Tigranes slowly expanded Armenian influence while Mithridates took advantage of Roman political strife and extended his Kingdom deep into Asia Minor and across the Bosporus into Thracia and Greece. Several Armenian organizations from around the world quickly arrived to offer aid and to participate in the country's early years. Reportedly, one of the suggestions put forward was the withdrawal of Armenian forces from the Azeri territories adjacent to Nagorno-Karabakh, and holding referendums (plebiscites) in Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan proper regarding the future status of the region. The number and borders of the provinces under Roman rule changed nearly constantly as conditions altered in the various locations. [citation needed], On 5 December, the Armenian Revolutionary Committee (Revkom, made up of mostly Armenians from Azerbaijan) also entered the city. Zariadris acquired Acilisene and the "country around the Antitaurus", possibly the district of Muzur or west of the Euphrates. [57] The Armenians greatly resented this, and as a result, a rebellion broke out with Vartan Mamikonian as the leader of the rebels. The provinces of Asia, without excepting the transient conquests of Trajan, are all comprehended within the limits of the Turkish power. The Roman Empire in the time of Hadrian (ruled AD 117-38), showing, in western Asia, the imperial province of Arabia Petraea (Jordan/NW Saudi Arabia/Sinai). Establishment of the Roman Republic headed by two magistrates (later called consuls) elected annually. [145] On 23 January 2022, Armen Sarkissian left the office, saying the constitution does not any more give the president sufficient powers to influence. Emperor Trajan was the creator of this province but to tell the truth the lifespan of the province was really short. [1] Egypt and some smaller provinces in which no legions were based were ruled by a procurator (praefectus in Egypt), whom the emperor selected from non-senators of equestrian rank. Their acquisitions are summarized by Strabo. [citation needed]. In 114, Trajan from Antiochia in Syria marched on Armenia and conquered the capital Artaxata. All Rights Reserved. Though this shaky status quo would remain in Armenia for the remainder of Roman (and later Byzantine) influence, Armenia was officially annexed as a province by Trajan in 114 AD. [14][15][16][17][18], In the so-called Augustan Settlement of 27BC, which established the Roman Empire, the governance of the provinces was regulated. [13][14][15], Stone tools from 325,000 years ago have been found in Armenia which indicate the presence of early humans at this time. Armenia became the first country to establish Christianity as its state religion when, in an event traditionally dated to 301, Gregory the Illuminator convinced Tiridates III, the king of Armenia, to convert to Christianity. [33] Armenia is possibly connected to Mannaea, which may be identical to the region of Minni mentioned in The Bible. [1] A later exception was the province of Egypt, which was incorporated by Augustus after the death of Cleopatra and was ruled by a governor of only equestrian rank, perhaps as a discouragement to senatorial ambition. All rights reserved. [125], Ter-Petrosyan and his supporters accused the government of rigging the election and claimed victory;[126] beginning 20 February, he led continuous protests involving tens of thousands of his supporters in Yerevan. Director Grigoriy Melik-Avagyan 1972, Armenian Eyes (Haykakan achker), (documentary).1980 Ruben Gevorgyants, The Manuscript of independence (Matyan Ankakhutyan) This film is dedicated to the 10th anniversary of independence of Armenia. The Ottoman Empire ruled in accordance to Islamic law. 6 May 2010. For example, at the height of the OttomanPersian Wars, Yerevan changed hands fourteen times between 1513 and 1737. After Trajan's death, his successor Hadrian decided not to maintain the province of Armenia. I was born in Izmir in 1986 and fell in love with the beauties of nearby Ephesus ancient city during a school trip when I was around 9. [146] On 3 March 2022, Vahagn Khachaturyan was elected as the fifth president of Armenia in the second round of parliamentary vote. [citation needed], Armenia gave way to communist power in late 1920. teacher and healer who proclaimed the imminent kingdom of God and was crucified c. AD 30-33 in Jerusalem in the Roman province of Judea. In 301, Armenia became the first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion,[50] amidst the long-lasting geo-political rivalry over the region. [10][11][8][12], Cisalpine Gaul (in northern Italy) was occupied by Rome in the 220s BC and became considered geographically and de facto part of Roman Italy,[13] but remained politically and de jure separated. That agreement was to accompany the return of most Armenian-occupied Azerbaijani territories around Nagorno-Karabakh and the lifting of the Azerbaijani and Turkish blockades of Armenia. Armenia declared its independence from the Soviet Union on 23 August 1990. In 363, a treaty was signed between the East Roman and Sassanid Persian empires, which divided Armenia between the two. Albania. The Treaty of Alexandropol was signed on 3 December 1920, although the Armenian government had already fallen to the Soviets the day before. In its aftermath, the satraps were stripped of their sovereignty and their rights of hereditary succession, being in effect reduced to the status of tax-paying and imperially-administered civitates stipendariae. The Roman provinces ( Latin: provincia, pl. The ancient region of Armenia occupied the bulk of the lower Caucasus mountain region, east of modern Turkey, between the Black and Caspian Seas. Parthamaspates was soon defeated by the Parthians, and again fled to the Romans, who granted him the co-rule of Osroene in western Greater Armenia as a consolation. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFisher1991 (, The Cambridge History of Iran by William Bayne Fisher, Peter Avery, Ilya Gershevitch, Gavin Hambly, Charles Melville, Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 339. In the late 4th century, Armenia was divided between Rome and the Sasanians, who took control of the larger part of the Armenian Kingdom and in the mid-5th century abolished the Armenian monarchy. Therefore, a second round was held and Kocharyan defeated Stepan Demirchyan with official results showed him winning just over 67% of the vote. Mustafa Kemal Pasha had sent several delegations to Moscow in search of an alliance, where he had found a receptive response by the Soviet government, which started sending gold and weapons to the Turkish revolutionaries, which would prove disastrous for the Armenians. Parts of historical Armenia gained independence from the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire after the collapse of these two empires in the wake of the First World War. The first Catholicos of the Armenian church was Saint Gregory the Illuminator. REDACTAE, thus solidifying Armenia's position as the newest Roman province. During the rule of the Orontid dynasty, most Armenians adopted the Zoroastrian religion. Under Nero, the Romans fought a campaign (5563) against the Parthian Empire, which had invaded the kingdom of Armenia, allied to the Romans. In 1921, the Bolsheviks and the Turks signed the Treaty of Kars, in which Turkey ceded Adjara to the USSR in exchange for the Kars territory (today the Turkish provinces of Kars, Surmalu, and Ardahan). Historical derivations in, List of provinces created during the Principate, Nuovo Atlante Storico De Agostini, 1997, pp.40-41. This conversion was followed in the 4th and 5th centuries by a process of institutionalization and Armenization of Christianity in Armenia. The capital is Yerevan . A N I TA Z H A N G CLASS OF 2017 L AT I N I V THE ROMAN PROVINCE ARMENIA Date & Location Important Dates: 114 Anazarbus (Ancient Greek: , medieval Ain Zarba; modern Anavarza; Arabic: ) was an ancient Cilician city. Carthage is destroyed and its lands become the Roman province Africa . The earliest evidence for this culture is found on the Ararat plain; thence it spread to Georgia by 3000 BC (but never reaching Colchis), proceeding westward and to the south-east into an area below the Urmia basin and Lake Van. In December 1918, the Georgians were confronting a rebellion chiefly in the village of Uzunlar in the Lori region. Menuas (810785 BC) extended the Urartian territory up north, by spreading towards the Araratian fields. As a result, he had been given a crown by both German and Byzantine emperors. [76] The Armenian authorities was often in touch with the crusaders. [citation needed] He built the Erebuni Fortress, located in modern-day Yerevan, in 782 BC by using 6600 prisoners of war. provinciae) were the administrative regions of Ancient Rome outside Roman Italy that were controlled by the Romans under the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire. Asia Minor has several climates. After the fall of the kingdom in 1045, and the subsequent Seljuk conquest of Armenia in 1064, the Armenians established a kingdom in Cilicia, where they prolonged their sovereignty to 1375. [9][10], The situation remained unchanged for near a century, until a large-scale revolt by the satraps in 485 against Emperor Zeno (r. 474491). No doubt the Armenians aided in some of the other crusades. [20][21] It has been speculated that this was an Indo-European culture. MarxistLeninist system had several positive aspects. [13][14], As President, Kocharyan continued to negotiate a peaceful resolution with Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev on the status of Nagorno-Karabakh. While laying siege to Kars, he learned of the approach of a large Ottoman army, commanded by Djghazad Sinan Pasha. [29] Today, the Modern Assyrians (who traditionally speak Neo-Aramaic, not Akkadian) refer to the Armenians by the name Armani. Armenian SSR participated in World War II by sending hundreds of thousands of soldiers to the front line in order to defend the USSR. [112], After the resignation of his predecessor Levon Ter-Petrosyan, Robert Kocharyan was elected Armenia's second President on 30 March 1998, defeating his main rival, Karen Demirchyan, in an early presidential election marred by irregularities and violations by both sides as reported by international electoral observers.
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