the following describe internal states of symptoms except

In addition, these individuals may wake up several times during the night only to find that they have difficulty getting back to sleep. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. Understanding the impact of sleep on cognitive function should help you understand that cramming all night for a test may be not effective and can even prove counterproductive. Users experience increased energy, feelings of pleasure, and emotional warmth. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. 1. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. It may feel like alcohol helps you sleep, but it actually disrupts REM sleep and leads to frequent awakenings. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. Getting the optimal amount of sleep has also been associated with other cognitive benefits. People sleep better in cooler temperatures. As part of treatment, the sleeping environment is often modified to make it a safer place for those suffering from RBD (Zangini, Calandra-Buonaura, Grimaldi, & Cortelli, 2011). As you have learned, drugs can act as agonists or antagonists of a given neurotransmitter system. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Comparative research indicates, however, that the relationship that exists between predatory risk and sleep is very complex and equivocal. . The researchers showed that these states correspond to distinct strategies, and then they identified . Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. Users often consume the drug every few hours across days-long binges called runs, in which the user forgoes food and sleep. Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. Treatment. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. Furthermore, these types of behaviors ultimately disrupt sleep, although affected individuals have no memories that these behaviors have occurred (Arnulf, 2012). Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. The brains clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as thesuprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. Test 3 (Chapter 8) Flashcards | Quizlet In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep. After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? One important regulator of sleep-wake cycles is the hormonemelatonin. Not able to pass stool or gas. 0. The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. (credit: Laurie Avocado). AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. For example, Hobson (2009) suggests that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness. (b) Heroin is cooked on a spoon over a candle. Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. Sore throat. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20). Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). This chapter will discuss states of consciousness with a particular emphasis on sleep. Reduced urine. Vaping uses battery-powered devices, sometimes called e-cigarettes, that deliver liquid nicotine and flavorings as a vapor. Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). Quiz 1.docx - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 Complete the following In individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence. 1. A person with asleep debtdoes not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis. It may surprise you to know that sleep deprivation is associated with obesity, increased blood pressure, increased levels of stress hormones, and reduced immune functioning (Banks & Dinges, 2007). 23. To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of (synthesize) the neural activity (activation) that was happening during REM sleep. We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. The hypnogram below (Figure 4.12) shows a persons passage through the stages of sleep. Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. Despite recent changes in laws designed to make obtaining pseudoephedrine more difficult, methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option (Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012). describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Amphetamines have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release (Figure 4.16). Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Once awakened from a narcoleptic attack, people report that they feel refreshed (Chokroverty, 2010). Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). THE INTERNAL STATE SCALE (ISS) Version 2 and the ChronoBook SCORING KEY AND SUMMARY Mark S. Bauer, MD . While we have discussed the negative outcomes associated with sleep deprivation, it should be pointed out that there are many benefits that are associated with adequate amounts of sleep. Peritonitis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). While many users snort cocaine, intravenous injection and inhalation (smoking) are also common. Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). Nasal Congestion: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment - MedicineNet Drugwithdrawalincludes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. People who suffer from insomnia might limit their use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine) or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. In fact, ameta-analysis, which is a study that combines the results of many related studies, conducted within the last decade indicates that by the time we are 65 years old, we average fewer than 7 hours of sleep per day (Ohayon, Carskadon, Guilleminault, & Vitiello, 2004). Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we are dreaming. These components include: These steps are conducive to being open to the heightened suggestibility of hypnosis. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. Our states of consciousness change as we move from wakefulness to sleep. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. The internal state of an object is the set of all its attributes' values. Homeostasis refers to the body's need to reach and maintain a certain state of equilibrium. The smokable form reaches the brain very quickly to produce an intense euphoria that dissipates almost as fast as it arrives, prompting users to continuing taking the drug. I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. Social programs like Medicare: a - offer health coverage for the older adults 24. Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective. Neurogenic shock is caused by damage to the central nervous system, usually a spinal cord injury. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. As we move intostage 2 sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. Loss of appetite. Sleep apnea is defined as a reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep. The typical episode can last from a minute or two to half an hour. Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage & Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005). Stage 1 sleepis a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. C) the severity and duration of the problem. Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. d. the gender gap between male and female life expectancy has increased. These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. Medical marijuana is legal in over half of the United States and in the District of Columbia (Figure 4.19). (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. Identifying Internal States of the Brain | Technology Networks Sleep is not a uniform state of being. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. Disorganized Thinking. Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. Words To Describe Symptoms | Adjectives For Symptoms - SearchSentences Despite the prevalence of caffeine use and the large number of people who confess to suffering from caffeine addiction, this was the first published description of soda dependence appearing in scientific literature. As a group, hallucinogens are incredibly varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. In fact, this relationship is so robust that some view the presence of RBD as a potential aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of neurodegenerative diseases (Ferini-Strambi, 2011).