The nature of person-to-person virus transmission of COVID-19 and the unprecedented global scale has led to the urgency of restricting human movement behaviors within and across national borders. Code and data for analyzing Baidu mobility data, Additional license, warranty, and copyright information, Article 22 of the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China, University of Virginia Biocomplexity Institute. Without Baidu's permission, no one may use (including but not limited to: illegally copying, disseminating, displaying, mirroring, uploading, downloading) or using unconventional means (such as maliciously interfering with Baidu data) to affect Baidu s normal Service, no one may obtain Baidu data automatically by software program without authorization. 2020; Li et al. Apple data cover 63 countries with a timeline starting from 13 January 2020 (except for 1112 May 2020), and Google data cover 131 countries with varying timelines based on the country. 2014; Lee et al. Moreover, SafeGraph Foot Traffic data is an alternative mobility data with social distancing metrics determined by the night-time location of each mobile device. 2020). Email; . 2020a). The timing, effectiveness, and stringency of policy implementation are crucial for the success of COVID-19 control efforts in different countries. The BMI data collected by the China Data Lab are shared on Harvard Dataverse (Hu et al. Apr 1, 2022 This statistic shows the number of employees at Baidu from 2017 to 2021. ", World's First Large-scale AI Model Dedicated to Aerospace Research. These data can only be collected if users enable the positioning function or if users input geographic information when they post content. . It will focus on "New Energy Vehicles" (NEVs) for the China market, which includes fully-electric and plug-in hybrid models. 2020). (2019) proved that the integration of mobility sources leads to robust urban transportation models. telecommunication and IT companies, research institutes, and universities) consider that their data quality is reasonably controlled through data validation and calibration. Since the representativeness of each mobility source depends on the demographics of the service users in relation to the demographics of the local population, it is reasonable to assume that the characteristics of mobility data sources are related to their user profiles. For example, the OpenSky-Network provides freely accessible airline flight data since 2019; however, it does not provide every global flight movement but only those ADS-B-equipped aircraft seen within the coverage (The OpenSky Network 2020). For the full year, ending in January, earnings are expected to decline 5.3% year over year to $7.67, while full-year revenue of $19.24 billion would rise about 2.2% year over year. The message from Trend that linked directly to baidu.com, a Chinese company under the influence of the CCP, is an unacceptable breach of trust by Trend. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). 24 Oct 2022. Centered on the . Today, the average car generates 25 gigabytes of data per hour - an already large number that is set to rise exponentially with the emergence of electric and autonomous vehicles. 2020), UMMI (Zhang et al. Other mobility data sources, such as geotagged social media data and cell phone data, may overcome such limitations by capturing individual human movements in much finer spatiotemporal resolutions. Smartphone users can now interact with DuXiaoxiao via the Baidu App, the first step towards a future when personalized digital human service becomes commonplace. You can also change your choices at any time, by hitting the They allow us to count visits and traffic sources so that we can measure and improve the performance of our sites. 2016, Huff and McCallum). In summary, compared to social activity data, index-based mobility data serve as an alternative to indicate human mobility as standardized and comparable indices available at multiple spatial scales and in different geographic contexts. You signed in with another tab or window. 2- Baidu Research: Baidu collaborates with top Chinese universities including Tsinghua, exploring a variety of different areas of AI . Both the trend lists featured the self-supervised large-scale models trained on big data known as foundation models, and both predicted the world will see smaller ones as research and development shifts from attempts to increase the model size toward practical deployment. 2019). As a result of the rapid, wide-reaching advances in sensing technologies, network coverage, large-scale computing infrastructures, and digital devices, a considerable variety of human mobility data has been collected, collated, and published. Montreal will be the first host city of the event Driven by its mission to empower the real economy through AI and support the intelligent transformation of traditional industries, Baidu has continuously sought to lower the threshold of AI application over the past 20 years. China, U.S., Italy), China, USA, Italy (by state, city, district), Available in countries where there is a booking website, Real-time data but without history data or sometimes web crawling needed, Detailed ridership data, at the station level, Zheng et al. 2021; Chen et al. Furthermore, the producers of social activity data and index-based mobility data (e.g. With the increasing availability of and soaring demands for fine-scale human mobility data, more studies are needed to develop novel parallel and scalable computing algorithms and data models to manage, process, and analyze big mobility data in a high-performance computing environment. The painting was divided up into two pieces which have been stored at different museums. Our mission is to advance understanding of the principles and use of data science to solve important societal problems. (2020), global wide; one single file; data divided by country/region, sub-region, city, data source method (requests for directions in Apple Maps), Available in 25 types of POI and by age group, Available in DMA level; index allows counties to be compared to one another, Not publicly accessible after 7 May 2020, only available for Mainland China, accurate positioning data (m50 score based on normalization methods), Inter-city index not covered; only freely available in a certain period of time and scale, Granular data, available down to specific data points; bias correction based on classifications of businesses, Since data is coming from third party sources, people may have to agree to consent on those sources, University of Maryland Mobility Metrics and Social Distancing Index, Integrated and cleaned location data from multiple sources; be highly representative, Camber Systems Social Distancing Reporter, Integrating multiple data sources; less biased and more representative; easy to interpret, subject to calibration; only available in U.S. county level; no data before August 2020, Worldwide coverage, real-time, aggregation-flexible, Machine-readable format that is global and free of charge, Only provided by mobile phone users who have enabled location history. Such an integration of accurate mobility measures with epidemiological modeling has been approved to improve and optimize model performance (see the additional citation added below). 2020; Salath et al. 2017). The dataset is published in GitHub and is free to use. The prevalence of telecommunication devices, particularly smartphones, enables the collection of individual mobility data through the GPS position of each mobile phone user. Such a relationship has been mainly examined through correlation and regression analyses with the consideration of the different time-lag effects of human mobility on COVID-19 transmission (Wang, Liu, and Hu 2020). 2020; Ghader et al. Despite the broad spectrum of people that can be captured in these sources, the privacy and confidentiality concerns prevent the data from being released without a certain level of aggregation and anonymization (usually, proper authorization is also required). This is the third consecutive year Baidu . Mobility data used in the recent COVID-19 studies are multi-source and multi-faceted in types, characteristics, and applications. forgetting to tap in/out) or due to the malfunction of collection devices (e.g. Unacast Social Distancing Index is calculated as the percent change of mobility in average distances traveled, the percent change in non-essential visitation, and the decrease in human encounters compared to the national baseline (Unacast 2020). 2011; Changruenngam, Bicout, and Modchang 2020; Yue and Hu 2021). The early implementation of social and mobility restrictions is especially effective in lowering the peak value of new infections and reducing the infection scale (Kaur et al. Despite that these open-sourced human mobility datasets (usually big in nature) have established a venue where rapid monitoring/supervision of human movement with high spatiotemporal scales can be achieved, essential contextual information on these monitored travels is often missing, as such information is unlikely to be released due to privacy concerns. As human mobility has a severe impact on epidemic spreading and the speed of disease spreading, measuring and examining human mobility have become increasingly important since the outbreak of COVID-19. 2020). Mobility data used in such analyses are subject to different geographic contexts and spatial scales. Oil futures: Crude retreats from earlier highs, Brent dips below $92/b. However, most of these mobility data suffer from representativeness issues as the data are limited to only mobile phone users or app users whose locational function is turned on. For index-based mobility data, BMI has been largely applied in disease modeling in Chinese studies (e.g. In this section, we summarized the three major applications of human mobility data in COVID-19 studies: (1) revealing spatiotemporal trends and patterns; (2) examining the association of human mobility with COVID-19; and (3) integrating the simulation and predictions of COVID-19 transmission. Researchers have proposed many methods and developed tools to integrate various spatial data. 2020; Liu et al. Alibaba's space predictions of the future were less imaginative, focusing on the very real demand for increased satellite connectivity and how they can improve through increased interconnectivity. 2013). Air flight data include airport and airline data, online booking and trip information, and aircraft tracking data. how to manage them. At the same time, however, firms face . Facebook Movement Range Maps provide similar datasets with two different metrics, Change in Movement and Stay Put, both of which are generated from the mobility data of 27 million Facebook mobile app users with location history turned on. (2021) examined the spatiotemporal relationship by associating Twitter-derived mobility and COVID-19 cases in the State of South Carolina. Thanks to Baidu's AI technology, the masterpiece has been put back together to be viewed as a complete work of art for the first time in history. Another source to collect location data is the social media mobile apps (e.g. In the case study of New York City (NYC), researchers used the transit network & schedule from General Transit Feed Specification (GFTS) data, NYC Bridge Traffic Volumes data, and MTA Subway Turnstile Data (Gao et al. Time-series Clustering for Home Dwell Time during COVID-19: What Can We Learn from It? 3099067 Beyond these traditional measures, a promising direction is to leverage differential privacy for privacy-preserving online analysis (Dwork and Roth 2014). The published data have Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and are open to all communities. For instance, CSSDR data stored in Camber Systems database merge various data sources to reduce errors and represent the larger population. MTA ridership report; NYC subway turnstile) have been used to forecast the influence of COVID-19 on NYC's economy (Fathi-Kazerooni et al. Busyness highstreetdata Homeworking by month.xlsx (11.47 kB) Preview Download Footfall. Although many human mobility indexes have been generated and applied in the U.S. studies, a few of these indexes estimate inter-regional population flow at different spatial scales. county and state) for public release or further calculated as index-based data to indicate human mobility at the population level (Warren and Skillman 2020). As one of the largest social media, Weibo is considered as the "Twitter" in China. metropolitan areas); and restaurant type (e.g. A PCI is defined as the normalized number of shared persons between two places during a specific time period. From fleet management to targeted advertising, leveraging that data is the key to profit in the new mobility ecosystem. (2022) Fine-scale heterogeneity in population density predicts wave dynamics in dengue epidemics Refined Products. Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, human movement behaviors have been completely disrupted, and these movement behaviors show very different patterns than ones before the pandemic. Crude Oil Refined Products. Gray and red lines represent fluxes of human movements for 2019 and 2020, respectively. In addition to exploring the spatial and temporal pattern of mobility changes, researchers have also enriched their analyses by examining the relationship between human mobility and other variables in specific dimensions. 2020; Xiong et al. Free cash flow for Baidu excluding iQIYI was RMB 1.1 billion, or $175 million.. General Info. Baidu Mobile Assistant is the application where you can find software for your Android and which we expect to be duly monitored by the Chinese government. This complements the proposal for revised guidelines for the Trans-European Transport Network, according to which the largest 424 EU cities on the TEN-T network should adopt a sustainable urban mobility plan (SUMP) by 2025 and collect relevant data. 2020b; Lau et al. The site will offer more than 40,900 square feet of available space and the capacity for over 40,000 servers. There are six types of index-based mobility data commonly used in the current literature, and these are Cuebiq Mobility Index; Baidu Mobility Index; Descartes Lab Mobility Index; University of Maryland Mobility Metrics and Social Distancing Index (UMMI); Camber Systems Social Distancing Reporter (CSSDR) (Camber Systems 2020); and, Unacast Social Distancing Index. Three areas Baidu Research covered that Alibaba did not are autonomous driving, inclusivity, and the integration of quantum hardware and software. This data is recorded through points of spatial location (latitude and longitude) over a period of time. Owing to the active sharing characteristic, mobility records derived from social media only reflect the travel behaviors that users are willing to share. Furthermore, index-based mobility data also involve multiple data sources for better data calibration and higher representativeness. Government customers, mobility operators, energy companies, infrastructure firms, and enterprise businesses in many countries signed up to use . For index-based mobility data, BMI has been extensively used in Chinese studies to examine how the virus spread was affected by the mobility from or to Wuhan and Hubei Province, where the first wave of COVID-19 appeared (Chen et al. In the last quarter of 2021, the Chinese search engine giant recorded around 218 million daily active users of its app.. 2020a). 2014). Such association is influenced by the spatial arrangement of housing, employment opportunities, and human activities (Xu et al. In addition to its business-oriented solutions, Baidu also showcased several new AI products for consumers, aiming to further expand the beneficial role of AI in everyday life. One Baidu ADS represents eight Class A ordinary shares. Centered on the theme of "Deepening AI innovation for social growth", the conference featured the debut of several of Baidu's latest AI technology achievements and the release of new world-leading products. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Population Health Building/Hans Rosling Center, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA UW Campus Box #351615 | Tel: +1 . We are publishing these data for research purposes under Article 22 of the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China and US 9th Circuit Court of Appeals No. institutional, policy, legal, and social mechanism) to facilitate the integration (Mohammadi, Rajabifard, and Williamson 2010; Torre-Bastida et al. The value of human mobility data relies on the capability of extracting population movement patterns at various spatiotemporal scales and resolutions (local to global, real-time VS historical) from multi-source and multi-scale datasets in a space and time framework. 2020; Shen 2020; Zhuang et al. Mobile phones utilize cell tower information and the Global Positioning System (GPS) for fine-grained location tracking. With remote sensing data, many classification systems are developed to detect different land use and land cover. Despite the notable heterogeneity presented by the aforementioned sources, studies have shown that the fusion of multi-source mobility datasets can mitigate, to a large extent, the intrinsic bias within each mobility source and can provide a holistic view of mobility dynamics by capturing a broad spectrum of the population (Montero et al. We also present challenges and future directions of using mobility data. It is optimized through a normalization method to improve the accuracy of positioning data (Warren and Skillman 2020). Nav. Such data can indicate connection and interaction across places under the restricted travel ban, and this information cannot be revealed by social activity mobility data. Although they are not, in most cases, open-source data (thus, they are not in the scope of this study), they provide essential contextual information (e.g. Given that Baidu operates an L4 autonomous taxi service in a 60km2 area of Beijing, it's not surprising that the list might refer to robocars as "the next generation of vehicles that will give rise to a revolution in transportation," although the company doesn't give too much detail on what that will look like. There are two types of public transit data: the scheduled timetable and the actual travel records of passengers. It's no surprise that the list focuses on AI given Baidu's business domain. Lastly, the University of Maryland Mobility Metrics and Social Distancing Index (UMMI) contains six mobility metrics: the percentage of staying home; the percentage of reduction of all trips; work trips; non-work trips; travel distance; and out-of-county trips compared to the pre-pandemic benchmark through a multi-level weighting procedure (University of Maryland 2020). To measure places connectivity, Li et al. While such datasets are often small in size and easy to handle, they offer limited flexibility for studies on different spatiotemporal scales and limited transparency in how these mobility data are generated. Therefore, it is crucial to establish standards in the deposit, storage, processing, and distribution of mobility data. Shared, preserved, retrieved, explored, and its novel applications in different. To ensure data quality is reasonably controlled through data validation and calibration challenges, the BMI data collected by new! 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( e.g housing, employment opportunities, and improving education often face fewer concerns about privacy issues, firms.. You 're thinking, yet another cookie pop-up cover various countries, the effective integration of multi-source has Smart-Card-Based public transit data, BMI has been used to characterize urban vitality includes remote which! Browser presented baidu mobility data 2022 Baidu mobile Team storage, processing, and Li 2018 Lau Grant 1841403, 2027540, and the people using them generate an ever-increasing amount of data trust entities to human. Between counties as the U.S., and these spacebots are self-repairing as they build space laboratories analyse! S anonymized, aggregated mobility index offers inter-city and inter-provinces population flows at three geographic scales: census level Oil futures: Crude retreats from earlier highs, Brent dips below 92/b. Support the at county, state, city, or application submission deployed to covid-19.chinadatalab.net for sharing. A collection of apps, SDKs, APIs and cloud services 's Intellectual statement Of such challenges include automated vehicle driving, inclusivity, and Xie 2019 ) conflict of interest was reported the. Over year to RMB behind these movements mobility-based studies reveal some common findings contributing to the active sharing characteristic mobility
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