When should I use merit grub control? If seeking treatment at an emergency room or doctor's office, bring this product label to show medical personnel. Add to Cart. [6][2][7] Imidacloprid is widely used for pest control in agriculture. Treated areas may be replanted with any crop specified on an imidacloprid label, or with any crop for which a tolerance exists for the active ingredient. [23] In the dark, at pH between 5 and 7, it breaks down very slowly, and at pH 9, the half-life is about 1 year. Imidacloprid also exhibits excellent translaminar movement in plants and can penetrate the leaf cuticle and move readily into leaf tissue. playgrounds, and athletic fields. mott's 100% apple juice; calf length trench coat mens; purple linen pants outfit; best bow saw blade for green wood; epiphone thunderbird bass reverb label accessible. Both curative and preventative, Merit Granules holds a ten-year record of 90% effectiveness on virtually every species of turf and ornamental pests. When not exposed to light, imidacloprid breaks down slowly in water, and thus has the potential to persist in groundwater for extended periods. [22] Chronic risk has not been well established. For optimum control, product application should be followed by mechanical incorporation, irrigation, or rainfall, to help move the active ingredient into the soil. Contains 2 pounds of imidacloprid per gallon. Merit is a broad spectrum, systemic insecticide which is highly effective at low use rates with excellent control of a variety of turf, ornamental and tree pests. Merit2F - The No. This product can only be applied to the soil. PRODUCT SPECS PRODUCT BENEFITS The chemical works by interfering with the transmission of stimuli in the insect nervous system. k)\ 'yCl pwfUjZ!jESl:!sD Ah)g Imidacloprid 138261-41-3 21.40 SECTION 3. Pests stop feeding, stop reproducing and eventually die. The end product of photodegradation is 6-chloronicotinic acid (6-CNA) and ultimately carbon dioxide. Following the report, EU member states voted to restrict the use of the three main neonics, including imidacloprid, for seed treatment, soil application (granules) and foliar treatment in crops attractive to bees. Imidacloprid 138261-41-3 0.50 . N^[;;V Rk%hv=|nD65)IVN!x%*0bhN{w7mAD V [50], In February 2018, the European Food Safety Authority published a further report concluding that neonicotinoids posed a serious danger to bees. The active ingredient imidacloprid has repeatedly demonstrated its reliability and value to both pest management and turfgrass professionals. 1 insecticide in the turf and ornamental market. 4,742,060) by Nihon Tokushu Noyaku Seizo K.K. The detections have generally occurred in areas with porous rocky or sandy soils with little organic matter, where the risk of leaching is high and/or where the water table was close to the surface. No. Final Report", "Insecticide options for protecting ash trees from emerald ash borer", "Environmental Fate and Effects Division Problem Formulation for the Registration Review of Imidacloprid", "Estimated Annual Agricultural Pesticide Use for imidacloprid, 2019", "EPA Curbs Use of 12 Bee-Harming Pesticides", "Index for Imidacloprid (Pc Code 129099) Pesticides", Imidacloprid; Pesticide Tolerances for Emergency Exemptions, "Imidacloprid: Risk Characterization Document Dietary and Drinking Water Exposure", "Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for bees for the active substance clothianidin", "Cloning of a novel 6-chloronicotinic acid chlorohydrolase from the newly isolated 6-chloronicotinic acid mineralizing Bradyrhizobiaceae strain SG-6C", "Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Potential Side Effects of Systemic Insecticides Used To Control Emerald Ash Borer". Coverage: 1 Gallon covers 220,000 - 265,000 sq. Both drop-type and rotary-type spreaders may be used. A new product called Bayer Advanced Fruit, Citrus & Vegetable Insect Control is now available for the general public. Imidacloprid has been shown to increase the rate of photosynthesis in upland cotton temperatures above 36 degrees Celsius. Other uses include application to foundations to prevent termite damage, pest control for gardens and turf, treatment of domestic pets to control fleas,[2] protection of trees from boring insects,[8] and in preservative treatment of some types of lumber products.[9]. Merit Imidacloprid .5 G Granular Insecticide is a granular broad-spectrum insecticide product that offers preventative and curative treatments for the most common turf and ornamental pests including larvae of billbug, chinch bugs, mole crickets, white grubs, beetles and chafers. [8], On January 21, 1986, a patent was filed and granted on May 3, 1988, for imidacloprid in the United States (U.S. Pat. [citation needed] In 1999, the French Minister of Agriculture suspended the use of imidacloprid on sunflower seeds and appointed a team of expert scientists to examine the impact of imidacloprid on bees. Merit 2F 1 gal 61381277B 161024AV2 etl 022419.qxp_Merit 2F 1 gal 61381277B 161024AV2 etl 022419 2/24/19 11:29 AM Page 1. Merit 0.5 Granular Systemic Insect Control - 30 Pound Bag: Check Price on Amazon #6 : Scotts 99610 EMW7238926 GrubEx-Grub Killer and Preventer-10,000 sq ft-Kills White, 10 M: Check Price on Amazon #7 : Bayer Dylox 6.2 Granular White Grub Insecticide: Check Price on Amazon #8 : Merit Granules Insecticide 30 LB Bag BA1063: Check Price on Amazon #9 [3][4][5] Its major uses include: When used on plants, imidacloprid, which is systemic, is slowly taken up by plant roots and slowly translocated up the plant via xylem tissue. [18], Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide, belonging to the class of chloronicotinyl neonicotinoid insecticides. [30] Honeybee colonies vary in their ability to metabolize toxins, which explains this wide range. SAFETY DATA SHEET MERIT 0.5 G INSECTICIDE 2/9 Version 3.0 / USA Revision Date: 06/21/2019 102000018463 Print Date: 06/21/2019 SECTION 4: FIRST AID MEASURES bOs]Y|y=SDpR;n~E0p$]1UW#rgS-v4%?`N gwI!v,x E 34iX/,f,?v[W #t5pF-YbUyIBDP61_HhMk7ZQn3TCbu5(1@EBqH!{B`onKxEy_>k6V@ ]pj;x}vp No. For medical emergency information, you may call toll-free 1-877-229-3763. This product gives outstanding residual control of numerous ornamental pests - it interferes with nerve impulses and disrupts insect behavior. This product gives outstanding residual control of numerous ornamental pests - it interferes with nerve impulses and disrupts insect behavior. Merit TURF AND ORNAMENTAL INSECTICIDE ACTIVE CONSTITUENT: 200 g/L IMIDACLOPRID GROUP 4A INSECTICIDE Contents * For the control of a range of insect pests in turf and ornamental situations as . On March 10, 1994, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved the registration of imidacloprid. J-#{R4('Duy2Y!Bto!6pP]K*$23Yio=UwZtg8/zS &rwuT|k)BuT^KxW@%5fGK5#NCv;sPz+sICDHo\T!H2;6s-r .4bG2 If Merit Granular was applied to a turfgrass area earlier in the summer season for Japanese beetle or European chafer or black turfgrass ataenius, do not re-apply for leatherjacket suppression in the same year. Merit 75WSP Imidacloprid Insecticide provides the longest-lasting insect control at exceptionally low use rates. It has a water solubility of .61 g/L, which is relatively high. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> 1991, as reviewed in Mulye 1995). No. Active Ingredients: Imidacloprid 75.0% Insecticide Mode of Action: 4A Insecticide Class: Neonicotinoids EPA Signal Word: CAUTION / PRECAUCIONEPA Registration Number: 432-1318 Application Rate Range: (see label) Container Size(s): 4 x 1.6 Oz. Its long residual control interferes with the insect's nervous system to stop feeding or producing so that it dies. Was this helpful? It use was granted to Hawaii (for the) use (of) this pesticide on bananas(,) and the States of Minnesota, Nebraska, and North Dakota to use (of) this pesticide on sunflower(s). Higher doses must be used to control boring insects than other types. Active ingredient: 0.2% Imidacloprid [CAS # 138261-41-3]. It works by interfering with the transmission of nerve impulses in insects by binding irreversibly to specific insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. [1], Imidacloprid is acutely toxic to honeybees: its LD50 ranges from 5 to 70 nanograms per bee. Merit .5 G has twice the active ingredient usually found in lawn and garden stores. Pkg. In addition to its topical use on pets, imidacloprid may be applied to structures, crops, soil, and as a seed treatment. Exposure to high doses may be associated with degenerative changes in the testes, thymus, bone marrow and pancreas. Merit even improves the quality of your turf. Avoid using a spreader which would apply the product in narrow bands. [10][19], According to standards set by the environmental ministry of Canada, if used correctly (at recommended rates, without irrigation, and when heavy rainfall is not predicted), imidacloprid does not characteristically leach into the deeper soil layers despite its high water solubility (Rouchaud et al. Coverage: 30 lbs. CoreTect Tablet Insecticide contains the world's #1 tree and shrub insecticide found in Merit plus fertilizer. Reg. 3125-MO-01 STOP - Read the label before use. No. Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program: Tier 1 Screening Order Issuing Announcement. merit imidacloprid label. Contact China Trader Xi'an Faithful BioTech Co.,Ltd. 4 0 obj This would need to be intentional since a large amount would need to be ingested to experience a toxic reaction. [1] Because imidacloprid binds much more strongly to insect neuron receptors than to mammal neuron receptors, this insecticide is more toxic to insects than to mammals. [49], In January 2013, a European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) report concluded that neonicotinoids posed an unacceptably high risk to bees: "A high acute risk to honey bees was identified from exposure via dust drift for the seed treatment uses in maize, oilseed rape and cereals. This product gives outstanding residual control of numerous ornamental pests it interferes with nerve impulses and disrupts insect behavior. The rate to apply Merit 0.5 G ranges from 1.4 to 1.8 lb. This label has been updated according to the re-evaluation decision of Imidacloprid RVD2021-05. 4.6 out of 5 stars 3,199. Label & SDS Merit 0.5 G Imidacloprid Granular Insecticide provides the industry's longest-lasting grub control at exceptionally low use rates. 155 0 obj <>stream $49.99 $ 49. Merit 2F is a broad-spectrum systemic insecticide that offers control of a variety of common turfgrass insects and pests. When detected, it was present at very low levels, mostly at concentrations less than 1 part per billion (ppb) with a maximum of 7 ppb, which are below levels of concern for human health. Imidacloprid is an insecticide derived from toxins found in tobacco plants. No. It is a synthetic, broad-spectum, and relatively low-toxicity insecticide. For use on certain pests on ornamental trees and shrubs in state, national, Low environmental impact Low use rates for cost-efficient, highly effective control Water-soluble packets simplify measuring and mixing Label Sell Sheet SDS Group Group 4 Insecticide Packaging 4 x (4 x 45 g) pouches/case (60 cases/pallet) Active Ingredient A high acute risk was also identified from exposure via residues in nectar and/or pollen. Emergency Overview [16], On March 25, 1992, Miles, Inc. (later Bayer CropScience) applied for registration of imidacloprid for turfgrass and ornamentals in the United States. 1994; Tomlin 2000; Krohn and Hellpointner 2002). Specifically, it causes a blockage of the nicotinergic neuronal pathway. Only apply pesticides after thoroughly reviewing the product label and MSDS label. 432-1312 EPA Est. Merit 75WSP Imidacloprid Insecticide, Bayer. Cardiovascular and hematological effects have also been observed at higher doses. USDA, Forest Service, Forest Health Protection (December 28, 2005). In soil under aerobic conditions, imidacloprid is persistent with a half-life of the order of 13 years. [19], Although imidacloprid breaks down rapidly in water in the presence of light, it remains persistent in water in the absence of light. Reproductive studies with mallard ducks showed eggshell thinning at 240mg a.i./kg diet. Merit Insecticide (Imidacloprid) -- Relatively new, broad-spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide -- Summary: Imidacloprid is the active ingredient in Merit Insecticide (tm), Bayer Advanced (tm) , Premise (tm), and some other insecticides. MERIT 2F INSECTICIDE MSDS Number: 102000006536 MSDS Version 1.0 Revision Date: 04/05/2005 SECTION 1. MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET SIGNATURE FERTILIZER WITH 0.2% MERIT PAGE 1 OF 3 FOR CHEMICAL EMERGENCY, SPILL, LEAK, FIRE, EXPOSURE OR ACCIDENT, CALL CHEMTREC - DAY OR NIGHT 1-800-424-9300 1. Merit 0.5 G Insecticide . It contains 0.235% imidacloprid. 4.5 out of 5 stars 140. [20], Since imidacloprid is efficacious at very low levels (nanogram and picogram), it can be applied at lower concentrations (e.g., 0.050.125lb/acre or 55140 g/ha) than other insecticides. Yes 13 Votes Several insecticides are available to commercial applicators for prevention of white grubs. Merit Injectable also can be used in commercial forestry production, nurseries, greenhouses, and in state, federal, county and local recreational forests. :Q:3 m7yaHZIa)9Jnvo6vW vC' 19% of the samples exceeded the EPA threshold for chronic toxicity for aquatic invertebrates of 1.05g/L. Merit 75WSP Imidacloprid water soluble packet by Bayer. . Imidacloprid is the most widely used insecticide in the world. By blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, imidacloprid prevents acetylcholine from transmitting impulses between nerves, resulting in the insect's paralysis and eventual death. Saye r Corporation Garden & Professional Care Box 4913 Kansas City, MO 64120-0013 Contains 2 pounds of imidacloprid per gallon. Imidacloprid is used to control sucking insects, termites, some soil insects, and fleas on pets. Merit 2F is a liquid concentrate Flowable with 214 active. It is rated as an "unlikely" carcinogen and as weakly mutagenic by the U.S. EPA (group E). Contains imidacloprid, the active ingredient in MERIT 75 WSP. Eggshell thinning and decreased adult weight were observed at 240mg a.i./kg diet. Copyright 2022 Forestry Distributing a Horizon Company. In 2003, this panel issued a report which concluded that imidacloprid posed a significant risk to bees. Imidacloprid Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment Final Report, "Discrepancy between acute and chronic toxicity induced by imidacloprid and its metabolites in, "Characteristics of imidacloprid toxicity in two, "Exposure to multiple cholinergic pesticides impairs olfactory learning and memory in honeybees", "Combined pesticide exposure severely affects individual-and colony-level traits in bees", "Chronic sublethal stress causes bee colony failure", "Toxicokinetics of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)", "Risk-benefit analysis of Bayer's imidacloprid", "Possible connection between imidacloprid-induced changes in rice gene transcription profiles and susceptibility to the brown plant hopper Nilaparvatalugens Stl (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)", "Imidaclopride utilis en enrobage de semences (Gaucho) et troubles des abeilles: Rapport final", "Colony Collapse Disorder: European Bans on Neonicotinoid Pesticides Pesticides US EPA", "EU to fully ban neonicotinoid insecticides to protect bees", "FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS, Pesticides Containing Neonicotinoids Registration Change", "Massachusetts regulators to restrict consumer use of bee-toxic neonicotinoid pesticides", "Label Amendment minor label revisions Product Name: Marathon 1% Granular Greenhouse and Nursery Insecticide EPA Registration Number: 59807-15 Application Date: March 17, 2015 Decision Number: 502678", "CHO Fact Sheet on the grub killing pesticide Merit Insecticide containing Imidacloprid", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imidacloprid&oldid=1102910675, 136.4 to 143.8C (277.5 to 290.8F; 409.5 to 416.9K), Seed treatment Imidacloprid is the most popular, This page was last edited on 7 August 2022, at 15:03. The LD50s for pigeon (Columba livia) and canary (Serinus canaria) are 2550mg a.i./kg. In a reproductive toxicity study with bobwhite quail, the NOAEC = 120mg a.i./kg diet and the LOAEC = 240mg a.i./kg diet. Imidacloprid can be found in the trunk, the branches, the twigs, the leaves, the leaflets, and the seeds. (,q_t}R-7 x|l_bB&Z_+osU m!3=V:G5X]0Q'=s(vS^2jdUlNM lmRZx.8#g_p^|YQdX*Y1|[$|g oL8g=n3O 6DAsw02VW|vji*b:DC ~V=wdc+O2&tK Xt~Z{ >q1v(NDZ@*u6zf\u?80w 6E% Long lasting residual. ft. $101.49. Merit 2F Imidacloprid Insecticide provides the industrys longest-lasting grub control at exceptionally low use rates. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND . It is not listed for reproductive or developmental toxicity, but is listed on EPA's Tier 1 Screening Order for chemicals to be tested under the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP). Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide belonging to a class of chemicals called the neonicotinoids which act on the central nervous system of insects. Product Name Accepted Date; 432-1312: MERIT 2F INSECTICIDE: October 24, 2016 (PDF) 432-1312: MERIT 2F INSECTICIDE: December 05, 2013 (PDF) 432-1312 [17], On January 26, 2005, the Federal Register notes the establishment of the '(Pesticide Tolerances for) Emergency Exemptions' for imidacloprid. [10] Research published in 2018 demonstrated accumulation of imidacloprid in the blood of rainbow trout, contradicting claims from Bayer that persistence (bioaccumulation) does not occur with imidacloprid. [52] Licensed dealers will be able to sell only to pesticide-licensed and certified individuals. Contains 2 pounds of imidacloprid per gallon. ? Pests stop feeding, stop reproducing and eventually die. Apply Merit 0.5 G uniformly over area being treated with normally used granular application equipment. =1*I!4xb~FmB~V9Tt.U.WY8 Exposed birds exhibited ataxia, wing drop, opisthotonos, immobility, hyperactivity, fluid-filled crops and intestines, and discolored livers. Nicotine is naturally found in many plants, including tobacco, and is toxic to insects. Merit 2F Imidacloprid Insecticide provides the longest-lasting insect control at exceptionally low use rates. In dogs the LD50 is 450mg/kg of body weight (i.e., in any sample of medium-sized dogs weighing 13 kilograms (29lb), half of them would be killed after consuming 5,850mg of imidacloprid, or about .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}15th of an ounce). /7As t Imidacloprid is highly toxic on an acute basis to aquatic invertebrates, with EC50 values = 0.037 - 0.115 ppm. TOT AL: 100.0% . Imidacloprid was applied to a corn field in Minnesota, and no imidacloprid residues were found in sample column segments below the 015.2cm depth segment (Rice et al. The acute oral LD50 for Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix) is 31mg a.i./kg bw with a NOAEL = 3.1mg a.i./kg. SHAKE WELL BEFORE USING EPA Reg. A. Merit 75WSP Imidacloprid Insecticide, Bayer. The major photometabolites include imidacloprid desnitro, imidacloprid olefine, imidacloprid urea, and five minor metabolites. 99. However, in a survey of groundwater in areas of the United States which had been treated with imidacloprid for the emerald ash borer, imidacloprid was usually not detected. [27], The effects of imidacloprid on human health depend on the dose, duration, and frequency of exposure. Quali-Pro Imidacloprid T&O 2F Insecticide (generic Merit) $ Valent Safari 20SG 20 SG Insecticide witth 20% Dinotefuran 12 oz. While users are encouraged to follow this updated label immediately, the previously approved label is valid until 19/05/2023 in accordance with the phase out period set out in the re-evaluation/special review decision of Imidacloprid RVD2021-05. You have no items in your shopping cart. Label & SDS Merit 2F Imidacloprid Insecticide provides the industry's longest-lasting grub control at exceptionally low use rates. Step 1: Determine how much Merit Granules you will need to apply to the treatment area by calculating the square footage. Merit 2F Insecticide For foliar and systemic Insect control In turfgra,s . Total: $62.95 Get Rid of Grubs with Merit .5 Granules Merit .5 G Merit Granular (by Bayer) with Imidacloprid. xKsGr)D~n p0VC" U{Rz:Qo/7otlKu(wOzz~ws|WLgLVt..5|]7Z endstream endobj 156 0 obj <>stream ft. [53], Among others, imidacloprid is sold under the brand names: Confidor (Bayer CropScience India),[54] Marathon (OHP, US). Although it is now off patent, the primary manufacturer of this chemical is Bayer CropScience (part of Bayer AG). FREE Shipping. [21][22], The main routes of dissipation of imidacloprid in the environment are aqueous photolysis (half-life = 14 hours) and plant uptake. Y5[>^ov_^I7wRT]":=laS+J^W\X >_q\"0wt$X. Treated areas may be replanted with any crop specified on an imidacloprid label, or with any crop for which a tolerance exists for the active ingredient. What is imidacloprid? [19], A 2014 observational study conducted in the Netherlands correlated declines in some bird populations with environmental imidacloprid residues, although it stopped short of concluding that the association was causal.[43]. 33967-NJ-001 KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN CAUTION Manufactured for: Makhteshim Agan of North America, Inc. 4515 Falls of Neuse Rd, Suite 300 Raleigh NC 27609 PRECAUTIONARY . Information on supplier Supplier Bayer Environmental Science . Ad Find Deals on Products in Pest Control on Amazon. Refer to the product label for a complete set of directions. Merit2F Imidacloprid Insecticideprovides the industrys longest-lasting grub control at exceptionally low use rates. For crops not listed on an imidacloprid label, or for crops for which no tolerances for the active ingredient have been established, a 12-month plant-back interval should be observed. You will need 3 to 4 teaspoons of Merit 75 WP per 100 square feet. [39], In bumblebees, exposure to 10 ppb imidacloprid reduces natural foraging behaviour, increases worker mortality and leads to reduced brood development. This product gives outstanding residual control of numerous ornamental pests it interferes with nerve impulses and disrupts insect behavior. Chat now for more business. Imidacloprid 305 SC shall be applied at 0075 ai. label and in other reference material. 432-1312 EPA Est. Preventive insecticides available to homeowners include imidacloprid (Merit, Grub-Ex) and halofenozide (Mach 2, Grub-B-Gon). // Active Ingredients imidacloprid 0.5% // FRAC Code insecticide . 2,10 Uses for individual products containing imidacloprid vary widely. Keep out of reach of children. Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide belonging to a class of chemicals called the neonicotinoids which act on the central nervous system of insects. Imidacloprid 75 WSB Generic Merit 75 WSB 4 x 1.6 oz bags. [22] In April 2018, the member states of the EU decided to ban the neonicotinoids for all outdoor uses. It is also highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates on a chronic basis (effects on growth and movement): NOAEC/LOAEC = 1.8/3.6 ppm in daphnids; NOAEC = 0.001 in Chironomus midge, and NOAEC/LOAEC = 0.00006/0.0013 ppm in mysid shrimp. Pests stop feeding, stop reproducing and eventually die. This product gives outstanding residual control of numerous ornamental pests - it interferes with nerve impulses and disrupts insect behavior. [51], On July 1, 2022, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States will ban commercial sales of imidacloprid and other neonicotinoids acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam to the general public for all outdoor uses. Imidacloprid 2F Select T/I provides professionals with a critical tool in their efforts to protect turf, ornamentals, and structural property from damaging insect populations. Merit is a systemic insecticide. No. So far as . Merit 0.5 G Imidacloprid Granular Insecticide, 30 lbs. [46] Imidacloprid is a very effective, broad spectrum insecticide for use against soil insect pests such as white grubs, crane fly, mole crickets and lawn moths like sod webworm. Uses: Imidacloprid is used to control sucking insects, some chewing insects including termites, soil insects, and fleas on pets. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION . Pests stop feeding, stop reproducing and eventually die. %PDF-1.3 % It was slightly toxic in a 5-day dietary study with an acute oral LC50 of 1,420mg a.i./kg diet, a NOAEC of < 69mg a.i./kg diet, and a LOAEC = 69mg a.i./kg diet. [17][19], According to the European Food Safety Authority, imidacloprid poses a potential high acute risk for both herbivorous and insectivorous birds.
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